Ironically, the Qing Government had fully supported the clauses on extraterritoriality and most-favored nation status in the first treaties in order to keep the foreigners in line. This treaty system also marked a new direction for Chinese contact with the outside world.
For years, the Chinese had conducted their foreign policy through the tribute system, in which foreign powers wishing to trade with China were required first to bring a tribute to the emperor, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese culture and the ultimate authority of the Chinese ruler. Although the unequal treaties and the use of the most-favored-nation clause were effective in creating and maintaining open trade with China, both were also important factors in building animosity and resentment toward Western imperialism.
Menu Menu. Milestones: — For more information, please see the full notice. The Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in Massachusetts Congressman Caleb Cushing. Joined by French forces, the British entered the city and burned the Summer Palace in the northwestern periphery, but spared the Forbidden City, home of the Chinese emperor.
While the British and French used military power to convince China to accept the new treaty agreements, U. Under the most-favored-nation clause, the U. Ironically, the Qing Government had fully supported the clauses on extraterritoriality and most-favored nation status in the first treaties in order to keep the foreigners in line.
This treaty system also marked a new direction for Chinese contact with the outside world. For years, the Chinese had conducted their foreign policy through the tribute system, in which foreign powers wishing to trade with China were required first to bring a tribute to the emperor, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese culture and the ultimate authority of the Chinese ruler.
Although the unequal treaties and the use of the most-favored-nation clause were effective in creating and maintaining open trade with China, both were also important factors in building animosity and resentment toward Western imperialism. Menu Menu. Acknowledgment: The consultant for this unit was Dr. Sue Gronewold, a specialist in Chinese history. Discuss the four questions found at the end of the essay.
Discussion Questions and Suggested Activities. Imagine you are diplomats charged with concluding these treaties for the Qing state on the one hand and for foreign powers on the other. Write a report detailing your negotiations. What are your main concerns? What are different ways you could look out for your interests? In your textbook, in the library, or on the Internet, locate maps which show the increase over time of treaty ports by there were more than and the "spheres of influence" claimed by foreign powers in China.
When did the greatest number of concessions occur? What else occurred at this time to explain how greater demands could be made by foreigners? Which parts of China were most heavily involved? Least involved? Was the effect of foreign presence and power in China the same everywhere? Locate copies of the treaties China concluded with foreign powers from until , including the entire Treaty of Nanjing, the Treaty of the Bogue and Treaty of Wanghui in , the Treaty of Tianjin of and Beijing Convention of , the Zhefu Convention in , the Tianjin Convention of , the Treaty of Tianjin of , the Treaty of Shimonoseki in , the Boxer Protocol of , and Japan's Twenty-One Demands of Trace the evolution over time of greater concessions and indemnities imposed upon China.
Given what you know of China's situation and foreign powers, evaluate these treaties. Were they "fair," "just," or defensible? Research the long-term effects of the different foreigners active in China at this time. For example, trace the long-term impact of the missionaries, charting the number of Christian converts from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, by , and on into the s.
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