By the end of this period, the groundwork had been laid for a new conflict between the returnees from the Babylonian exile and those who remained in the land. The Destruction of Jerusalem The sovereignty of the Judean kingdom in the land of Israel came to an abrupt end with the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the leading citizens to Babylon in B.
Nebuchadnezzar II, the crown prince of Babylon, had defeated Pharoah Neco and the Egyptians at the battle of Carchemish in , and attempted to conquer Egypt. After he failed to extend his power, Egypt apparently continued to foment rebellion against Babylon in the kingdom of Judah and its neighbors. Behold, I will send … Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will bring [him] against this land, and against its inhabitants, and against all these surrounding nations, and will utterly destroy them, and make them a horror, a thing to be hissed, an everlasting ruin.
And this whole land shall be a ruin, and a waste; and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. A majority remained living there even after the change from Babylonian to Persian rule.
These are indications that life in the exile was not as dreadful as suggested by Ps In a few decades the Persians had occupied an area stretching from the Indus River to the Nile.
The famous Cyrus Cylinder is often seen as extrabiblical evidence for the historicity of the decree of Cyrus in Ezra 1. Recent rereading has shown, however, that the text concerns the return of divine images from cities surrounding Babylon, from where they were exiled by Nabonidus. This passage has nothing to do with Judaeans, Jews, or Jerusalem. The return from exile was a long process of waves of returnees. Bob Becking taught for thirty years Hebrew Bible at Utrecht. Did you know…? The deportation from Jerusalem in is reported in the Hebrew Bible 2Kgs as well as in the Babylonian Chronicle.
Evidence on the march of the Babylonians to Jerusalem in is found in the Lachish Letters. These inscribed ostraca date from the period just before the conquest of Jerusalem. They contain letters written by the officer in command at Lachish expressing his fear of the foe. Archaeological evidence indicates that the land of Judah was not uninhabited during the Babylonian exile. Some biblical stories are set in an exilic context Ezekiel; Daniel. Excavations in Mesopotamia have revealed traces of the Judahite exiles in Babylon.
Ask a Scholar. Related Articles 6 Exile in the Hebrew Bible Exile was a recurring experience for ancient Israel and Judah and profoundly affected the shape and formation of the Hebrew Bible. Mesopotamia - Babylon Babylon was one of the most important political, religious, and cultural centers of ancient Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq.
Israel and Judah According to the Bible, King David reigned over a large territory and his son Solomon over an even larger one. Empires of Antiquity This dynamic video map shows the movement and expansion of the great empires of antiquity, starting with the Egyptian New Kingdom in B. HarperCollins Dictionary Babylon. Related Passages 2Kgs Ps Dan Ps Lament over the Destruction of Jerusalem 1By the rivers of Babylon— there we sat down and there we wept when we remembered Zion. Of or relating to ancient lower Mesopotamia and its empire centered in Babylon.
Characteristic of a deity a god or goddess. A broad, diverse group of nations ruled by the government of a single nation. A subordinate, often a king who is subject to a more powerful king or emperor. In other words, "Judaism" was not a monolithic practice and the Babylonian diaspora was not the only form in which Judah- and Israel-related traditions were continued after the destruction of the states of Israel and Judah.
Of the temple in Elephantine we know futher that it was destroyed in and rebuilt in It was the temple of a Jewish military colony near the southern border of Egypt the latter having lost independence to the Persians and it continued to function in Second Temple times. The community of Elephantine was on friendly terms with the priestly establishment in Jerusalem despite the fact that it initially practiced syncretistic forms of worship very much like the practices in Jerusalem before the destruction of that were only gradually abandoned in consultation with the Second Temple priesthood in Jerusalem.
What little we know about the history of early Second Temple Judaism from other sources is augmented from fragments of letters written on papyrus found by modern archeologists at Elephantine excavated when the Assuan dam was built in the s. Important historical dates. Mass deportation to Babylonia and flight to Egypt. After Sheshbazzar davidic lineage governor pekhah of satrapy Persian province of Yehud Judah. Immediately tries to lay the foundations of a new temple. Between and Arrival of the next pekhah, Zerubbavel note the Babylonian theophoric name!
Under his governance, the high priesthood was reestablished. The lineage of the new high priest, Jehoshua ben Jehozadak, is Zadokite, i. Nehemiah nevertheless completes the walls of Jerusalem and attempts to repopulate the city. Others think he was active during the reign of Artaxerxes I which would make him a contemporary of Nehemiah.
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